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Survey And Investigation
 
• Topographic Survey, Contour  Survey and Hydrographic Survey
• Route Survey of Canal
• Aerial LiDAR and Photogrammetry Survey of River basins
• Hydraulic and Hydrological Investigations
• Reservoir Capacity Survey
• Submergence and Land Acquisition Survey
• Rehabilitation and Re-settlement Survey
• Socio Economic Survey
• Geotechnical Investigation
• Construction Material Survey and Soil Survey

Design Engineering and Detailed Project Report (DPR)
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• Water conveyance systems - Flow Canals, Pressure Irrigation
• Pressure Relief
• Longitudinal bed Slope
• Canal lay out & Hydraulic Design of Irrigation
• Crossing Drainage Work
• Level Crossing
• Intakes structures, Jack well and Pumping Stations
• Dams, Barrages, Weirs and Tunnels

🌊 Irrigation and Water Resources Management

Goal: Efficient planning, utilization, and conservation of water resources for agriculture, domestic use, and ecosystem sustainability.

📋 Methodology Overview

1. Preliminary Planning and Reconnaissance Survey

Objectives:

• Identify the project area and its water demand.

• Understand topography, soil type, land use, and existing water sources.

Activities:

• Literature review of existing data (maps, satellite images, past studies).

• Field visit for visual inspection.

• Identify potential water sources (rivers, lakes, aquifers).

• Assess accessibility and community needs.

2. Detailed Survey and Investigation

A. Topographic Survey

• Use Total Station, GPS, Drone/UAV, or Theodolite.

• Map land elevations, natural features, and man-made structures.

• Prepare Contour Maps for slope analysis.

B. Hydrological Survey

• Streamflow measurement (using flow meters or historical data).

• Rainfall data collection (IMD, rainfall stations).

• Evaporation, infiltration, and runoff estimation.

C. Geotechnical Investigation

• Soil sampling and testing (permeability, porosity, type).

• Assess suitability for canal, dam, or reservoir foundations.

D. Water Quality Analysis

• Physical, chemical, and biological testing.

• Assess water suitability for irrigation or drinking.

3. Design Criteria and Parameters

• Crop Water Requirement (CWR): Based on crop type, evapotranspiration, and climate.

• Irrigation Duty and Delta calculations.

• Design Discharge for canals, pipelines, and drains.

• Irrigation Efficiency (field application, conveyance, etc.).

• Flood design levels and return periods for safety structures.

4. Design of Components

A. Diversion Structures

• Weirs, barrages, or intake wells.

B. Conveyance Systems

• Lined/unlined canals, underground pipelines.

• Hydraulic design (flow velocity, slope, cross-section).

C. Distribution Network

• Branch canals, minors, field channels.

• Design of control structures (gates, valves, regulators).

D. Storage Structures

• Reservoirs, tanks, farm ponds.

• Spillway design, seepage control, embankment stability.

E. Drainage Systems

• Surface or sub-surface drains.

• Design for waterlogging and salinity prevention.

5. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

• Evaluate ecological effects, land acquisition issues, and displacement.

• Include community feedback and mitigation measures.

6. Cost Estimation and Feasibility

• Bill of Quantities (BoQ).

• Technical and financial feasibility.

• Cost-benefit analysis.

7. Implementation Plan

• Phased construction schedule.

• Monitoring and quality control.

• Institutional arrangements (e.g., water user associations).

8. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Planning

• Scheduling irrigation rotations (Warabandi).

• Maintenance of structures and desilting plans.

• Capacity-building of stakeholders.

9. Monitoring and Evaluation

• Install flow meters, SCADA systems (if applicable).

• Periodic performance assessment.

• Feedback loop for adaptive management.

📐 Tools and Technologies Used

PurposeTools/Techniques

SurveyingGPS, Total Station, Drone Mapping

HydrologyHEC-HMS, SWAT, rainfall-runoff models

Hydraulic DesignHEC-RAS, MIKE 11, Canal++

GIS MappingArcGIS, QGIS

Water QualityLab testing kits, remote sensing

Soil AnalysisLab tests, infiltration meters

📚 Standards and References

• FAO Irrigation and Drainage Papers

• BIS Codes (India) – IS 783, IS 4987, etc.

• USBR Design Standards

• Indian Ministry of Jal Shakti Guidelines